Systematic top-down approach to clinical chemistry

A Comparative Study of Effect of Bottom-up and Top-down Instructional Approaches on EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Recall and Retention

This quasi-experimental study investigated the effect of bottom-up and top-down instructional approaches on English as a foreign language (EFL) vocabulary recall and retention. To this end, 44 high school students from two intact classes were assigned to bottom-up (n = 21) and top-down (n = 23) groups. The participants were exposed to 20 hours of explicit vocabulary instruction during 10 weeks ...

Evaluating measurement uncertainty in clinical chemistry

This report describes the ‘top-down’ approach to the evaluation of measurement uncertainty in the context of clinical chemistry. The ‘top-down’ approach makes use of information on the performance of whole measurement procedures, such as data obtained from routine internal quality control and external quality assessment. The strengths and weaknesses of the data commonly available to laboratorie...

Event-Related Potentials of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing of Emotional Faces

Introduction: Emotional stimulus is processed automatically in a bottom-up way or can be processed voluntarily in a top-down way. Imaging studies have indicated that bottom-up and top-down processing are mediated through different neural systems. However, temporal differentiation of top-down versus bottom-up processing of facial emotional expressions has remained to be clarified. The present st...

A Comparison of Fundamental Performance between Two Bench Top Clinical Chemistry Analyzers

Extending the Artificial Chemistry to Design Networking Algorithms with Controllable Dynamics

Predicting and controlling the dynamics of communication protocols is as important as designing their main functional purpose. However, describing networking protocols’ dynamics and analyzing their stability are difficult tasks when the classical finite-state-machine approach is used. We propose to design networking algorithms which exhibit predictable dynamics. More specifically in a bottom-up...